Experiment in Proxemics Essay Example for Free

Experiment in Proxemics Essay Proxemics as a terminology is a form of non-verbal communication. It deals with the structuring of the distance/space that exists between individuals while communicating with each other. Edward hall argued that the distance between people while communicating goes a long way to determine interpretation of messages and the meaning of messages being sent. On the other hand, kinesics is a concept under proxemics that deals with the use of body movements and gestures in non-verbal communication. In this experiment, I made a study of the difference between the use of kinesics and proxemics among different genders. In my first research, i choose a nearby basket ball court as a specimen. The group comprises of fifteen males. I noticed that in this group, kinesics was typified. The players communicated more through body movements and although there were occasional physical contacts most of the communication was via gestures. In addition to this, i choose the cheerleading group as a specimen of study representing the female group. Unlike what i noticed at the basketball court, there was more physical contact and more body movements. The use of space here was minimal as compared to what i noticed of the group that was predominantly male. Finally, i chose the choir in my church as my object of study because both genders are fully represented. Here, i noticed that there was more space and less use of body movements. Apart from this, there were fewer physical contacts. From the result of my study, i conclude that there are gender differences in proxemics. This might be due to the physiological makeup of both genders. Apart from this, i believe there could be an explanation from the cultural perspective, in that the male specie is often seen as the reserved and tougher specie while the feminine specie is seen as more flexible and accommodating. Reference: Mulvaney, B. (1994) Gender Differences in Communication: An Intercultural Experience http://www. cpsr. org/cpsr/gender/mulvaney. txt

Essay on The Awakening -- Chopin Awakening Essays

Criticism of The Awakening      Ã‚   Reading through all of the different criticism of Kate Chopin’s The Awakening has brought about ideas and revelations that I had never considered during my initial reading of the novel.   When I first read the text, I viewed it as a great work of art to be revered.   However, as I read through all of the passages, I began to examine Chopin’s work more critically and to see the weaknesses and strengths of her novel.   Reading through others' interpretations of her novel has also brought forth new concepts to look at again.   In "An American Madame Bovary," Cyrille Arnavon argues that â€Å"there seems to be insufficient justification for Edna’s ‘romantic’ suicide, and this is the main weakness of this fine novel† (185).   Throughout the book, Edna is portrayed as a strong woman emerging from sleep and making her mark on the world.   She starts earning her own money and moves out of her husband’s home into a home of her own.   She shows an inner desire to be her own independent self. In "The Ending of the Novel," George Spangler suggests that a prima...

Conflient

In the text, the authors state, â€Å"collusion occurs when two or more people ‘agree’ subconsciously to ignore or deny some existing state of affairs or situation† (p. 44). This is somewhat different than another definition of collusion from the investments industry (where collusion signifies insider trading between parties, which is illegal and immoral). In our â€Å"conflict† definition of collusion, we are signifying a state of affairs where people do not recognize a reality that is readily apparent to other people.This can take an unlimited amount of forms. For example, in a family setting, the larger family may â€Å"subconsciously agree† to avoid discussing or helping another family member with a substance abuse problem. In a workplace setting, a top-performing employee may have an infectiously negative attitude and regularly degrade co-workers through verbal aggressiveness. In these scenarios, the reality that is obvious is overlooked because it is either perceived as â€Å"easier† to ignore the real problem or because of power or status issues.When collusion occurs, a conflict (which may have begun as a relatively minor issue) can grow into a â€Å"life of its own†. The conflict then becomes part of a person’s identity and is continued subconsciously to benefit that identity. So for instance, the negative and verbally aggressive co-worker may develop some type of â€Å"accepted identity†. For example, people may say, â€Å"oh, that is Pat just being Pat†. This type of identity is then used to hide away the problem that is subconsciously avoided. QUESTION #2 Staw, Sandelands, and Dutton's threat-rigidity cycle is explored in the text on pp. 6-70. The cycle works in this order. First, when individuals feel threatened, they experience and increase in stress and anxiety. Second, this increased stress and anxiety fosters emotional reactions like fear, anger, and physiological arousal. Thir d, these emotional reactions result in restricted information processing (i. e. , an inability to view the situation at hand in a composed manner) and constriction of behavior (i. e. , we are unable to process a full range of appropriate behaviors mentally due to our emotions taking over).As we discussed in Chapter 2, we are essentially   â€Å"flooded† with emotion, often leading to some type of knee-jerk reaction that in turn leads us to rely on our hastily made (and often incorrect) attributions. Now, the threat-rigidity cycle can take two different routes. First, if habitual responses (e. g. , verbally attacking the other person, avoiding the situation, stonewalling in silence, etc. ) do happen to be appropriate, the results will be positive and we are more prone to rely on this habitual response in the future.Conversely, if the habitual response is inappropriate, the situation will consequently worsen and the perception of threat, stress, and anxiety cycles back all ov er again (i. e. , we return to the first stage, thus the â€Å"cycle†). Because the threat-rigidity cycle underscores our tendency to fall back on habitual responses and attributions when confronted with a threatening situation we do consider these as â€Å"trained incapacities† (see pp. 68-69). Trained incapacities are important because we become so well trained (subconsciously) in our knee-jerk reactions that we believe we understand what is coming next in the conflict.Human beings famously believe that we can â€Å"predict† others behavior, but in reality, we are really bad at it. So what happens is that we become â€Å"blind† to the nuances of a particular conflict situation (often due to the emotional flooding cited above) and then rely on our â€Å"standard reaction† (i. e. , our trained incapacity) that we apply it whenever we are upset. This makes trained incapacities hard to detect, and in turn makes trained incapacities a very important a spect of behavior to understand, both for ourselves and for others. QUESTION #3The confrontation episodes theory outlined on pp. 29-31 is a good guide in many situations for us to go through a â€Å"sense making† process regarding conflicts. Of course, if it was fail-proof, we wouldn’t need the rest of this course. The theory, in general, explores co-created rules of conduct that are implied in relationships (i. e. , our generally agreed upon â€Å"rules of engagement†). My hope here is that you are able to frame a conflict that you have had in a meaningful way with this guide. Naturally, it will be enlightening for many of you or give you a new perspective.Conversely, it may already inform some of you as to what you already know or may serve as reinforcement that you â€Å" did things right† in a conflict. I won’t rehash the terms that were in the guide in each step, but I do want to acknowledge the vital importance of understanding the options we are left with at the end. First, reaffirmation is a good outcome because the parties reaffirm importance of rule being questioned (but as a side note, may simply do this to â€Å"avoid conflicts†. On the other hand, an outcome with no resolution leads us toward a path where conflict is continued and may expand.Legislation and reaffirmation may serve as the two most positive outcomes, in my estimation. I say this because in legislation, parties rework or reinterpret the rule in question, coming to a shared, agreed upon meaning for the rule. Also, in reaffirmation the parties reaffirm importance of rule that is being challenged. This then provides a clear understanding (hopefully) of what that rule entails. This is a classic example of why conflict is often good, as it serves as an opportunity to clear the air about simple misunderstandings that can fester into giant problems rapidly. QUESTION #4Central to this question are attribution processes; my overall goal with this ques tion was to see how well you could explain the interactions of these processes as they relate to conflict. Overall, these processes included how dispositional or situational factors are used by people to draw conclusions about their own behaviors and the behaviors of others, the fundamental attribution error, and the self-serving bias (beginning on p. 61 through the middle of p. 62). Then, beginning at the bottom of p. 62, Sillars notes that attributions influence conflict in at least three major ways.First, due to the self-serving bias, people are more likely to attribute negative effects of conflict to partners rather than to themselves. This heightens resentment of others as negative effects increase, leading to distributive strategies that are damaging to conflicts. Second, again because of the use of a self-serving bias, people often think they use integrative strategies while others use distributive or avoidance tactics. This leads people to believe they are doing more to reso lve the conflict than others are, while this may not actually be true in reality.Third, the fundamental attribution error heightens conflict by encouraging people to see others behavior as planned and intentional (negative attribute) and their own behavior as driven by the situation at hand (positive attribute). In short, we believe act socially desirable in conflict and others act in more negative ways, based on these attribution concepts. It is also vital to note that the self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error are impacted by perceptions of other people’s gender, ethnicity, or other demographic traits and that these two elements are also evident in our relationships with people we already know well (i. . , like the adage that suggests people are often â€Å"well informed and well biased†). Lastly, on p. 64, the authors summarize three propositions in this area of research regarding conflict: (1) people choose conflict strategies based on the attributions they make regarding the cause of the conflict, (2) biases in attribution processes tend to lead to noncooperative modes of conflict, and (3) the choice of conflict strategies influences the likelihood of conflict resolution and the degree of satisfaction with the overall relationship.The correct answer here is really more of a judgment of how well I felt you described the associated concepts and findings above more so than a judgment of whether or not each and every piece of information above was provided in your response. QUESTION #5 This response is fairly cut-and-dried, if you will. The procedure I was looking at here is in Exhibit 4. 1 (pp. 128-131). In your response, I was hoping to see a full discussion each of the 5 â€Å"questions† as they related to your example than a quick rundown of the selections you made.The answer to each question then guides you along the model, ultimately leading to a â€Å"recommended† or â€Å"prescribed† conflict style. So i n reality, this response had dozens of â€Å"correct responses† based on where the style selection tree led you to. Lastly, I was looking for you to evaluate the quality of the style (or styles for some of you) that you were guided to in your example. Would it have worked out in your estimation? Did you try that style (without knowing this information, of course)? QUESTION #6After a fairly thorough discussion of conflict styles in Chapter 4 of the text, the authors describe pairings of conflict styles and how they interact with one another (section 4. 5 on pp. 123-124). They noted, that some conflict style pairings are â€Å" asymmetrical patterns† that did not match each other, such as a demand (compete) / withdraw (avoidance) pattern,   a supervisor / subordinate pattern at work, or a competing / collaborating pattern (which interestingly has great potential to work well together).While at first many of these styles seem â€Å"unhealthy†, leading us to belie ve they are unstable, some are actually quite stable in the short term (e. g. , one dominant role/one submissive role). Although it is noted that these roles may not always be stable in long run due to unhappiness among the submissive individual. Likewise, examples of â€Å"asymmetrical patterns† were also noted, which we often believe are stable because of â€Å"agreement† among the individuals.For instance, a relationship often has two â€Å" avoiders† that facilitate conflict denial/collusion, two collaborators that are more productive, but are not perfect, or two â€Å"competers† that often reinforce a cycle of escalating conflict or reach a stalemate. What we can see from both symmetrical and asymmetrical patterns is that both types of patterns can be either healthy or unhealthy based on the context in which they occur or the type of pattern being used; in other words, the pairing of styles is not a way to determine the health of a relationship.Symme trical patterns of two competers may be great as workout partners, but bad as romantic partners. As many of us know, a competer and an avoider often work poorly because of the attack/withdrawal pattern, but a competer and a collaborator may work out wonderfully because the book notes how competers (that openly air out concerns) give collaborators tools to work with to find a â€Å"win/win† solution in many cases. QUESTION #7 This final question provided an applied conflict management scenario that revolved around the use of reframing/issue framing tactics in the textbook (p. 9 through p. 92). Just to be clear, the discussion of framing in Ch. 2 (pp. 57-59) is secondary for this question and was not the intended area of focus. In other words, I am seeking explicit reframing/issue framing tactics that would help to resolve the issue at hand (pp. 91-92). That is not to say the definition and discussion of framing in Ch. 2 is not important; in fact it is vital to acknowledge that conflict frames are a â€Å"cognitive structure based on previous experience, which guides our interpretation of an interaction or event† (p. 57).So in other words, framing provides the perceptual framework for how we view the conflict itself and the people involved. This is precisely why I created two groups of people in this fictional question that are affiliated with very different â€Å"organizational in-groups†; so it is expected that the accountant and sales person will have very (or use) different â€Å"frames†, based on what is happening. So this creates a scenario where we must â€Å"reframe† to be able to get anywhere in a conflict setting, otherwise we will constantly run into the issue of two people working in two different frames.Reframing/issue framing tactics are then a part of a â€Å"dance† (p. 90 – top). Because each reframing/issue framing tactic will likely produce a different outcome, there is more than one â€Å"right answer† here. To be clearer, a correct answer here is one that explains a reframing/issue framing tactic and reasonably explains why that tactic would make sense to use to manage the conflict in the hypothetical scenario. With that being said, here a few thoughts that I had regarding each reframing approach.Umbrellas: This approach would seem to work poorly here, as the sales staff member already believes the accountant is using this tactic (i. e. , sales person believes the accountant is jealous and is using this â€Å"petty† thing to air jealousy) Issue Expansion: This is an interesting approach overall; it is high-risk, high-reward in nature. Given the status of the growing in-group nature of the conflict, I would think the issue expansion approach may actually serve to drive a deeper wedge between the sales staff and the accounting department.I am open to different interpretations, but this appears to be the most likely outcome. Negative Inquiry: This may provide s ome traction toward conflict resolution. For example, if the sales staff member is convinced the accountant is jealous of their success, perhaps they need to expand on that thought as it is very vague. Also, it could be asked why the sales staff avoided phone and email communication. It may have simply been a case of having a viable excuse for not replying rapidly, instead of the accounting departments’ perception of ignorance/avoidance.Likewise, the sales staff could ask why did you â€Å"call out† someone in a face-damaging way? The answers here may get the two groups and the two main conflict parties on the right path. Fogging: On one hand, fogging may be dysfunctional as it opens up the door for avoidance issues. However, it also may create a situation where the two parties and the two in-groups can simply work towards the issues that relate to company policy here. Conflict is rarely â€Å"forgotten†, but if the accounting department and sales staff find a w ay to change the protocol to allow for a smooth work environment, time may heal some of the wounds.Fractionation: Although more than one approach can be right here, as I care more about the way you apply a solution to the problem, fractionation jumps out as the most helpful tactic at first glance. Here, both the accountant and the sales person (or their entire departments) may be able to break down the larger issues into fractioned pieces to address individually. So this means instead of looking at the big issue (inter-group conflict between sales staff and accounting department), the parties would look at each component.One thing the book does not mention, and this is generally true of all â€Å" textbook† conflict resolution tactics, is that fractionation would probably be very time consuming (especially if you are talking about long-standing, deeply ingrained conflicts). However, this is sometimes the only way to put conflicts to rest; which is something that should be ver y appealing for two departments in an organization that really need to cooperate with each other. The long term gains would seem to outweigh the short-term productivity losses.

Imaginary Friend Of Anne Frank - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 692 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/06 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Anne Frank Essay Did you like this example? In life most people just cannot wait for the chance of becoming a grown up. Anticipating the chance to have more independence and the opportunity to do things that were perceived as being mature and cool. While growing up, the people suffer through a set of changes as they develop a sexually mature adult body. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Imaginary Friend Of Anne Frank" essay for you Create order While these changes are primarily physical in nature, profound mental, emotional and social, changes also occur as youth adapt to their maturing bodies. A young Jewish girl who had to go into hiding during the Second World War to escape from the persecution of the Nazis suffered a lot. Although rejected and isolated, she didnt stop showing signs of coming of age as a normal girl such as having an imaginary friend, entering puberty and having sexual curiosity. First of all, Kitty, Annes diary, came to help to deal in the time of transition. Young children often have imaginary friends. Anne Frank, after she followed her family into hiding, never enjoyed this luxury. Her diary became Annes friend, her retreat from a microcosm imposed upon her and the seven other Jews imprisoned in the loft because of Hitlers master plan of genocide against Jews and other groups. Even before the Franks entered the loft, Anne had named her diary Kitty. (Shuman). Kitty helps Anne deal with the huge change and the reader sees it when she writes to her about the Annex. Ive probably bored you with my long description of our house, but I still think you should know where Ive ended up (Frank 25) and when how her world turned upside down because of the sudden change. It seems like years since Sunday morning. So much has happened its as if the whole world had suddenly turned upside down. But as you can see, Kitty, Im still alive (Frank 19). In these two quotes, Anne i s telling Kitty that a lot have happened and she doesnt feel comfortable being in hideout but at least she is still alive and has a friend who can tell everything. In writing to Kitty, Frank is trying to reach out to the normal world beyond her confined quarters. She misses school and her old friends. As the youngest in the secret annex, she is treated with condescension by the adults and sometimes scolded for her boisterousness. To overcome these feelings of isolation, she invents a friend in whom she can confide (Furst).I hope I will be able to confide everything to you, as I have never been able to confide in anyone (Frank 1). During her time in the annex Anne feels that despite having her parents, its better to tell everything to Kitty. Paper has more patience than people (Frank 6).The Jewish girl feels that no one interested of what a thirteen year-old girl has to say and its better to write what she feels without fear of being judged and that was really hard for her because of being Jewish in times of the Holocaust. After Germany invaded Netherlands and the government began to persecute Jews. Anne dropped her studies and lost contact with all her Jewish friends. During hideout, Kitty acted as Annes trusted confident when there was no one else to tell her secrets to. Kitty provided comfort in times of stress and companionship when she was lonely. I hope you will be a great source of comfort and support (Frank 1). Anne Frank was a popular girl in the school but she felt like she didnt have a lots of friends and thats one of the reasons why she had such a strong relationship with Kitty. The reader later learns that neither Mrs. Frank nor Margot offered much to Anne in the way of emotional support and even though Annes father tried everything he could, he failed. And yet for a long time Ive felt extremely lonely, left out, neglected and misunderstood. Father did everything he could to curb my rebellious spirit, but it was no use Why didnt father support me in my struggle? Why did he fall short when he tried to offer me a helping hand? The answer is: he used the wrong methods.

The Rule Of An Unfit Ruler - 1702 Words

The Rule of an Unfit Ruler Aristotle one said, â€Å"He who is to be a good ruler must have first been ruled.† The ideal ruler may vary according the individual preference of man and woman, but ultimately have similar characteristic inclinations for the desired leader. In William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, the desire for power and leadership was a reoccurring theme throughout the play and the source of conflict between the characters. Shakespeare designed his characters so that they had very different personalities, with different perspectives of the ideal ruler and perfect utopia. Generally, characteristics of the ideal ruler include attributions such as forgiveness, equality for everyone, and freedom for the people. Prospero, the main character of the play and self- proclaimed ruler of the island in which he had been banished upon, lacked in many of the important characteristics of the ideal ruler. His form of rule does not fit the criteria of a good leader according to the inhabitants of the island, due to his lack of; forgiveness, equality towards everyone and freedom for his subjects. Forgiveness is an essential characteristic to possess for the ideal ruler because it allows the leader to set a good example to his or her subjects and allows for them to pardon the many mistakes or inappropriate behaviour that may occur. Prospero was a very vengeful individual who lacked in forgiveness for others. After 12 years spent on the island, Prospero had not forgotten how hisShow MoreRelatedThe Guidance of a Government Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States and ruled under a monarch. Jefferson couldn’t tolerate the abuse from a monarch, so he rebelled against the British crown. In 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote The Declaration of Independence, and declared the colonies were free from British rule. Before he became the author of The Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was established â€Å" as an ardent republican and revolutionary† (Jacobus 77). Jacobus states Jefferson is, â€Å"one of the most versatile Americans of any generation† (Jacobus 78)Read MoreThe Aeneid And The Pax Romana1580 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced to a strong and proficient ruler. She is devoted to her late husband, Sychaeus. After his death is has vowed never to marry again which she up holds for a period of time. She too, like the protagonist, Aeneas as fled from their homeland, because of destruction. In the case of Dido her brother Pygmalion as killed her husband. Driven by this mayhem, she builds a new city with the treasure she took from her brother, Pygmalion. Dido becomes the ruler of Carthage and focuses all her effortsRead MoreEssay on Plato’s The Republic1168 Words   |  5 Pagesthis for themselves. He is ridiculed for leaving in the first place. The simile deals with all the aspects of Plato’s philosophical beliefs, one belief held by Plato is that the philosophers are the only members of society fit to rule, because they are the highest educated. They are able to use the Form of the Good for perception and are better qualified than the rest of the people in the state. In the Simile of the cave these philosophers represent the freed prisoner Read MoreThe Descent Of A Regime From A To An Oligarchy1309 Words   |  6 Pagesthey will not always choose the best candidates. Since the current guardians will not always select the children with gold souls, the aristocracy will eventually degenerate into a less just society. Some new rulers will attempt to preserve the old and just ways, while the less benevolent rulers will want private property among guardians, creating tension in the ruling class. 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The majority of people in a city are not lovers of knowledge but rather lovers of beauty. Referencing â€Å"Plato’s Republic, each person has a different skill they are naturally good at. Knowing this, philosophers must be naturally good at thinking and arguing. However, a good and great ruler needs moreRead MoreA Common Goal Of Humanity1265 Words   |  6 Pagescaring; however, this is not always the case. To start, the divine can mean multiple things, such as any number of deities (depending on the religion), a ruler, or a king. As stated in Mengzi’s teachings, a ruler must first and foremost care for his or her people. If this is not the primary goal, and something such as greed is, the ruler is unfit to rule, and their kingdom may end up revolting and protesting against them. He believes that â€Å"there [should] simply be benevolence and righteousness† (MengziRead MorePlatos 4 Analogies Of The Republic Analysis1579 Words   |  7 Pagesin the ideal state. The four analogies include the ship, the sun, the divided line, and the cave. The analog ies of the ship, and the cave are used by Plato to represent the people of the state and proving his argument that philosophers are the true rulers of the state. The divided line and the sun analogies also supports Plato’s point about philosophers obtaining intellectual knowledge apposed to the ordinary citizens who only have sensible knowledge. Plato argues that the ordinary citizens can beRead MoreThe Downfall Of Julius Caesar962 Words   |  4 Pagesunder Caesar’s control daily Roman life improved, his assassination was for the best of the Roman people because he had stated himself as the dictator for life in Rome, ruining any chance of continuing democracy, he was self-centered, Rome got a new ruler and became successful Caesar, being ambitious, was able to further his career very quickly.â€Å"In the early 60 BC, he launched his own successful political and military career. Rising rapidly, he campaigned successfully for the consulship in 60 B

Racism And The Immigration Restriction Act Of 1901

Table of Content †¢ Introduction †¢ What is racism? †¢ History of Racism in Australia †¢ Effects †¢ Causes †¢ Where does racism come from? †¢ Who experiences racism? †¢ What can be done to fight racism? †¢ Where does racism come from? †¢ Graph †¢ Solution †¢ Conclusion †¢ Bibliography Racism Report INTO: The Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 led to the limitation of non-European migration, which became known as White Australian Policy .In 1901, 98% of people in Australia were white. Australia wanted to remain a country of white people who lived by British customs. The essay aims at analyzing the racism of people in society are all different in many ways such as having a different skin color, different races, height, short, hair and religion. The report will be divided into six topic sentences which they are what racism is, why are people racist, where does racism come from, who experiences racism and what can be done to fight racism. And it will also explain the causes and effects of Racism. Meaning of Racism- Racism is the attitudes that people have distinctive appearance and behavior which indicates their cultures often involving thought that one’s own culture is better and has the right to control others. History of Racism in Australia. A short of historical facts the exemplify the power of racist ideals in Australian the past ïÆ'Ëœ Australia in the 19th century was a multicultiracal country including people and communities of many differentShow MoreRelatedRacism In Australia - The Rise and Fall of the White Australia Policy1308 Words   |  6 Pageschanged, racism still exists in Australia. Australia’s indigenous people were the first victims of racism in this country. For about 50,000 years before the settlement of the British, Australia was occupied exclusively by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. 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Australia, once a British colony, was termed ‘a new Britannia’, as it was viewed as one of the most ‘British’ societies in the world outside of the UK. Since its conception and its obvious need for settlers, Australia has used deliberate and careful selection of its new potential citizens as a method of controllingRead MoreDifferent Cultures Integrating Into Australia Changed The Food And Hospita lity Industry1422 Words   |  6 Pagesan ancestry other than Australian in the 2011 Census. 43% have at least one parent who has born overseas. 30% of the population were born in another country. In all, Australians come from over 200 birthplaces.’ http://www.racismnoway.com.au/about-racism/population/ Australian food, before the different cultures started to integrate into the country, were simple home cooked meals such as, roast, mash with sausages, chicken parmi and more. 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Art of the Surrealist Period Essay Example For Students

Art of the Surrealist Period Essay By combining elements from Cubism and the Dada Movement, Surrealists created artwork that was uncanny to the world. The Dada Movement created art that ignored traditional aesthetics, because Dadaists preferred to showcase the opposite of what art stood for during the time. Like the Dadaists, Surrealists took bold new ideas, in order to create groundbreaking art, but in a less violent way. Surrealists rebelled against the constraints of the rational mind, and the oppressive rules of society. Psychologist Sigmund Freud is responsible for influencing the Surrealists with these ideas. His writings played a significant role in the Surrealist’s desire to expose the unconscious mind, through the means of art. Freud and other psychoanalysts used a variety of techniques to bring forward their patient’s thoughts. In the Surrealist movement, artists took hold of many of these techniques to create their art, and emphasize their belief that there is creativity trapped in a person’s self conscious, that is more authentic than art that is the product of conscious decision making and thought. Sigmund Freud was a key figure in the development of psychoanalysis. Freudian psychoanalysis has three components: the unconscious, free association, and das unhiemlich (also known as â€Å"the uncanny†). Freud believed that our unconscious was a cradle for our repressed desires. Additionally, he believed in free association. This was a technique that Freud employed to allow his patients to discover unconscious thoughts and feelings, that had been repressed or ignored. Consequently, when his patients became aware of these unconscious thoughts and feelings, they could effectively manage or change the problematic behaviors that weren’t already self-evident to them. Last but not least, Freud zeroed in on the concept of the uncanny. He studied the complex relationship of the unfamiliar, within the familiar. All 3 of these elements of Freudian psychoanalysis were directly reflected in Surrealist art. Surrealists were influenced by Freud’s writings on automatism. This is in part due to the key player and founder of the Abstract Expressionist movement, Andre Breton. Breton wrote the, Surrealist Manifesto, in which he explained Surrealism as,â€Å"pure psychic automatism. † Automatism addresses the unconscious facet of Freudian psychoanalysis. Further, it is the unconscious or involuntary actions and processes we experience, such as breathing or dreaming. One technique Surrealist artists developed to try to reveal their subconscious creativity was automatic drawing. Automatic drawing is a process that allows the painter or drawer’s hand to move randomly across the page. In this process, there is a lack of rational control that is thought, by the Automatists, to reveal the parts of the psyche that would have otherwise been repressed. For example, one Automatist of the Surrealist movement was Andre Masson. Masson’s â€Å"Automatic Drawing† of 1924, is a classic example of the spontaneity found in this type of Surrealism. The marks on the paper resemble scribbles and even look automatic by the rapidness of the lines. One can clearly see the lack of conscious thought that went into it. Another aspect Surrealists delved into was the nature of dreams, which deals with the free association component of Freudian analysis. Surrealist artists used a free association of words and images. For example, â€Å"Cadavre Exquis (Exquisite Corpse)† by Yves Tanguy, Joan Miro, Max Morise, and Man Ray is a collaborative piece of art. Each artist added a part of the drawing on top of the last. The nude figure that resulted has clear elements of chance and unpredictability, that interferes with the conscious mind’s need for order, that usually occurs when artists draw or paint. This was truly a free associative Surrealist drawing, that unlocked the unconscious thoughts of artists. Furthermore, Surrealists were interested in the realm of dreams. Surrealists thought of dreams as channels for unexpressed feelings. They were provoked by dreams, and their artwork showed subconscious associations between images, text, and their meanings. .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 , .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 .postImageUrl , .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 , .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11:hover , .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11:visited , .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11:active { border:0!important; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11:active , .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11 .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2a3e312a1010fb1d453e86562244cf11:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art imitates culture EssayThis idea is based off of Freud’s theory of subconscious, where he describes that dreams are coded with messages from our subconscious mind. For example, Salvador Dali’s, â€Å"The Persistence of Memory,† was a Surrealist landscape dream work including ants and melting clocks. Dali’s painting also taps into Freud’s concept of the uncanny, as he places the familiar images of clocks and ants into the unfamiliar context of a landscape, and he also renders the objects in a way that is unfamiliar to viewers. Overall, it is prominent how much of an influence Freud had on Dali’s, â€Å"The Persistence of Memory. The Surrealists accomplished their desire to unleash art that was surprising and unfamiliar to the world. Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis played a major role in the Surrealist’s goal to unleash their repressed thoughts, which created dreamlike and uncanny masterpieces. Additionally, Andre Breton was a major figure in the emergence of the Surrealist movement, who encouraged artists to look at the psyche’s influence and nature. In conclusion, the Surrealist movement made a great impact on the art history world, and even influenced future movements such as Abstract Expressionism.